> "China's 21 border disputes
> Xi Jinping’s China has territorial disputes with 20 more
> countries, not just India over Ladakh
> President Donald Trump on Thursday [1]waded right in the middle of
> India’s dispute with China, asserting that Beijing’s aggressive
> stance in Ladakh fits with the larger pattern of Chinese
> aggression in other parts of the world. President Trump’s office
> did not elaborate on China’s aggression elsewhere but is seen as a
> clear reference to Beijing’s efforts to enlarge its position on
> border disputes. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo had recently
> called it China’s “rogue attitude” as he announced the movement of
> US supercarriers in the Indo Pacific region to counter China’s
> aggressive posture.
> According to Beijing watchers, China has traditionally suffered
> from xenophobia against foreigners. The Middle Kingdom’s fears
> were exacerbated in the past two centuries as a result of which
> China believes that it is the only civilizational power in the
> world and the rest are either tributary states or barbarians.
> China has had territorial disputes with 21 neighbours including
> India over its claims on land and sea. Here is a complete list of
> its disputes.
> Brunei
> China claims the southern part of the Spratly Islands
> chain. Brunei, on the other hand, claims part of South China Sea
> nearest to it as part of its continental shelf and Exclusive
> Economic Zone
> Philippines
> China and Philippines disagree over parts of the South China Sea
> including the Spratly Islands. Philippines took the dispute to the
> International Court of Justice where they won the case but the
> Chinese side did not abide by the order of the ICJ. Tensions have
> continued between the two countries despite economic incentives
> offered by China.
> Indonesia
> China’s nine-dash line overlaps the Natuna Sea/Exclusive Economic
> Zone of Indonesia leading to disputes. China claims fishing rights
> in waters near the islands. Indonesia government argues that
> China’s claims are not recognised under the 1982 United Nations
> Convention on the Law of the Sea. Indonesia irked China in July
> 2017 when it renamed parts of the South China Sea as North Natuna
> Sea to underscore its claim.
> Malaysia
> China’s dispute with Malaysia also revolves around parts of the
> South China Sea, particularly the Spratly Islands. Its claims
> cover only islands included in its Exclusive Economic Zone of 200
> miles as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the
> Sea. Malaysia has a military presence on three such islands that
> it considers to be part of the continental shelf.
> Singapore
> Singapore is not a claimant state in the South China Sea disputes
> but is closely aligned to the United States and allows the
> presence of US naval forces in Singaporean waters. It does not
> want to antagonise China by openly taking sides though it does
> advocate freedom of navigation and resolution of all disputes in
> line with the UN Convention of Law of the Seas.
> Laos
> China claims large areas of Laos on historical precedent of
> China’s Yuan Dynasty during 1271-1368
> Cambodia
> China has, on occasions, claimed part of the country on historical
> precedent (China’s Ming dynasty 1368-1644)
> Thailand
> Thailand opposes China’s dredging on the Mekong River since 2001
> for large ships to carry goods from its landlocked Yunnan province
> to ports in Thailand, Laos and remaining southeast Asia. China has
> also built hydropower dams on the main stream of the Mekong River,
> altering the natural flood-drought cycle, affecting ecosystems as
> well as economies of countries on the lower Mekong River.
> The Thai Cabinet scrapped a Chinese-led dredging project in
> February 2020 to blast rapids on the Mekong river. This had
> already led to fall in water levels and fers that it would lead to
> drought and affect 6 million people in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos,
> Cambodia and Vietnam
> Japan
> Japan’s dispute with China centers around South China Sea,
> particularly Senkaku Islands, Ryukyu Islands and the overlapping
> Air Defence Identification Zone and Exclusive Economic Zone in the
> East China Sea
> Vietnam
> Vietnam, which fought a bloody war with China in 1979 when Beijing
> tried to teach its former ally a lesson, has stood its ground on
> its territorial claims over parts of the South China Sea, and the
> Macclesfield Bank, Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Last
> month, a Chinese ship rammed a Vietnamese fishing boat operating
> in the Paracel Islands that was seen as an effort by Beijing to
> flex muscles to enforce a unilateral fishing ban in parts of the
> South China Sea against vessels from another nation.
> India
> China occupies 38,000 sq km Indian territory in the Aksai Chin
> region apart from staking claim on Arunachal Pradesh and
> Ladakh. It was this expansionist policy that led to the ongoing
> standoff between the Indian Army and the Chinese PLA that
> escalated into a violent scrap in Ladakh’s Galwan valley. Another
> 5,163 sq km of Shaksgam valley was illegally ceded by Pakistan to
> China in 1963. Hence, the total Indian territory occupied by China
> is over 43 ,000 sq km.
> Nepal
> Nepal and China have pending border issues over three boundary
> pillars in Dolakha and two in the vicinity of Mt Everest. There
> have, however, been reports that China has illegally occupied
> strategic land at 12 places across Nepal. China has also claimed
> part of Nepal dating back to the Sino-Nepalese war in 1788-1792,
> claiming that some parts of Nepal are part of Tibet and therefore,
> part of China.
> Taiwan
> China claims all of Taiwan but particular disputes are
> Macclesfield Bank, Paracel Islands Scarborough Shoal, part of
> South China Sea and the Spratly Islands. The Paracel Islands, also
> called Xisha Islands in zvietnamese, is a group of islands in the
> South China Sea whose sovereignty is disputed.
> North Korea
> The two countries have a continuing dispute over Mount Paektu and
> Yalu and Tuman rivers. China has also claimed Baekhu Mountain and
> Jiandao. Beijing has, on occasions, claimed all of North Korea on
> historical grounds (Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368)
> South Korea
> South Korea and China have an overlapping Air Defence
> Identification Zone and a continuing Exclusive Economic Zone
> dispute over Leodo (Socotra Rock) in the East China Sea. China has
> also, on occasions, claimed entire South Korea on historical
> grounds (Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368)
> Mongolia
> China and Mongolia have settled their boundary dispute but China
> has claimed all of Mongolia on historical precedent (Yuan Dynasty
> 1271-1368).
> Bhutan
> Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet, namely Cherkip, Gompa, Dho, Dungmar,
> Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringung, Sanmar,
> Tarchen and Zuthulphuk. Bhutan has lost a substantial chunk of
> area under dispute including the Kula Kangri peak to slow
> encroachments by China. Beijing claims Kula Kangri and
> mountainous areas to the west of this peak in addition to the
> western Haa district of Bhutan.
> Tajikistan
> The two sides have a bilateral dispute dating back to 1884 when a
> border demarcation agreement between the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist
> Russia left large segments of the frontier in the
> sparsely-populated eastern Pamirs without a clear definition.
> The Chinese claims are based on historical precedent (Qing Dynasty
> 1644-1912).
> In 1991, Tajikistan inherited from the Soviet Union three disputed
> border segments constituting about 28,000 sq km which China and
> the Soviet Union had been unable to resolve.
> In 1999, Tajikistan and China signed a border demarcation
> agreement defining the border in two of the three segments. Under
> this deal, Tajikistan ceded about 200 sw km lands to China. In
> 2002, Tajikistan agreed to cede 1,122 sq km or about four percent
> of the territory that Beijing had claimed. China has, in all,
> settled for 3.5 per cent of the claimed territory.
> Kazakhstan
> China has laid claim to a territory in Kazakhstan stretching from
> Semirechie to Lake Balkhash covering 34,000 sq km. In May 2020, a
> Chinese website ‘Sohu.com’ published an article claiming that
> Kazakhstan is located on territories that historically belong to
> China.
> China has settled for 22 per cent of its claim over Kazakh
> territory. Despite a border demarcation treaty with China in 1994
> and claim by Kazakh state media that the Kazakhstan government had
> succeeded in retaining 56.9 percent of the disputed territory,
> critics had opined that the remaining 43.1 per cent of the land
> also belonged to Kazakhstan for which a new deal should be signed.
> Kyrgyzstan
> China lays claim to the whole of Kyrgyz territory. In May 2020,
> Chinese website tutiao.com published an article on such a claim
> and argued that under the Han Dynasty, the entire Kyrgyz territory
> was part of the Chinese mainland before the Russian empire
> captured it.
> Chia has settled for 32 percent of its claim over Kyrgyz
> territory. Under the 1999 agreement, Kyrgyzstan handed over 1,250
> sq km to China.
> Russia
> Despite signing bilateral agreements in 1991 and 1994 to delimit
> the estern and wester section of the Russia-China border, a few
> sectors remain unresolved. There are 160,000 sq km still
> unilaterally claimed by China despite signing several agreements.
> In October 2004, the 4,300 sq border was finally demarcated in its
> entirety, thus resolving a 300-year-old territorial dispute.
> In 2005, the Russian Parliament ratified the agreement in 2008, a
> part of the Abagaitu Islet, the entire Tarabarov Bolshoi Ussuriysk
> Island and some adjacent river islets were handed over to China."
>
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