The Phoenix Principle and the Coming Dark Age by Marc Widdowson, 2001The truth is that cities have never been an
optimal environment for human beings. For most of
history, the urban death rate has exceeded the urban
birth rate. Cities have only been viable because of a
continual influx from the countryside. They can
function successfully in many ways, but problems
of poverty, crime and chronic stress reveal a darker
side. People have always been attracted to the
stimulation of the city but they have never
wholeheartedly accepted it. For the subordinates –
who are in the majority – urban life is characterised
by quiet frustration, by lack of recognition, and by
awareness of many desirable things that they can
never have.
It is remarkable that humans spread to cover
the whole earth (save Antarctica) long before the
first city was ever founded. They followed the
retreating ice sheets into northern Europe, found
ways of living in the inhospitable polar regions,
and pushed out to the remotest islands of the
Pacific. They had reached the Shetland islands
1500 years before the building of Stonehenge.
This clearly indicates an intense centrifugal
pressure. One must conclude that people do not
naturally choose to live packed together. They
began to do so only when there was nowhere else
to go. They still retain a preference for their small
groups and for the leisurely lifestyle to which they
are best suited.
All this means that groups at high scale are
in a perennial state of tension. Their high scale is
achieved against the inclinations of their
constituent actors, though the form they take on is
the consequence of fundamental principles of
human relations. They are contained in this state by
high integration, organisation, and possibly
cohesion. However, when this containment fails,
for whatever reason, the group will fly apart.
Although ensembles of high scale are possible
and take on certain predictable forms, there is a
perpetual bias tending to disrupt them and tending
to move them towards lower scale, less complex
arrangements.
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